Sea shells are natural-biological objects. They are embedded in geological layers in the form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use the provenance of shells in the functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology and prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of the Iranian Plateau have shown that from the 3rd third millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such shells were for instance discovered from ritual cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. These objects are mainly used as natural or polished shells. In some cases, they served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, and other ornamental objects.. The main question is to understand the relationship between the use of seashells and archaeological context, and also, their role in Bronze Age ritual life. In this article, the descriptive, analytical method has been used in the biological recognition of all types of shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of the Sumerian-Akkadian period. The distribution of recognizable species shows that these objects are concentrated in the settlements from south to southeast of Iran in the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf, and from the Oman Sea to the Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in the northwest and northeast of Iran. The biological origin can be placed in the northern shores of the Oman Sea to the Gulf of Kutch on the northern coast of the Indian Ocean. It seems that with the growth and development of urbanization in Southwest Asia and especially the development of sea trade, oysters have been traded as valuable goods and other prestige goods. The importance of the shell findings is more than the value of the shells themselves because they were used as sacred goods in religious affairs. Analysis of the fields where the shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries and temples as sacred spaces. Also, the significant presence of Lambis shells for the production of specific ritual bowls, placed together with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as the reflection of a patriarchic tradition in the social-political organisiation of the third and second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations and the discovery of many samples of these types of shells, no furthergoing investigation on these specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in the archeology of the Iranian plateau. Therefore, one of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing the context of the discovery of seashells in future Excavation

A B S T R A C TFrom the point of view of geo structure, the location of Khanmirza plain in the folded Zagros zone in the south of the Dena fault and the presence of piezometers protruding from the soil, the presence of springs etc. are signs of crustal movement on the surface. The purpose of this research is to use geological information, seismological information, and satellite images in order to obtain a view of the tectonic activity of the present era in the Khanmirza plain, as well as to simplify the displacement calculation, to evaluate the displacement of the earth's surface and the parameters affecting this displacement, and providing a suitable model for this plain. In this study, the displacement rate of the earth's surface for 8 years (2003-2010) was calculated using D-InSAR radar images and radar interferometry. The effective parameters of the DEM elevation layer, slope, slope direction, profile curvature, surface curvature, distance from The road, the distance from the fault, the density of the fault, and the earthquake's intensity were obtained from the GIS environment. Furthermore, multivariate regression in the SPSS environment presented the best model for this plain. In this environment, the 8-year displacement rate was considered dependent, and the rest of the parameters were considered independent variables. The results were challenged in the STEPWISE model. The results showed that among the 13 methods, the 13th method is the best regional model for calculating crustal mobility in this plain by providing the best correlation coefficient of 0.826, a determination coefficient of 0.682, an adjusted determination coefficient of 0.675, and a standard error of 99%. Moreover, the average movement in this basin is a 10 cm rise for 8 years.Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, the sudden movement towards developing quantitative geomorphology has led to progress in statistical methods and mathematical models to describe geomorphological processes. The wide scope of the work has led to the foundation of quantitative geomorphological methods useful in the interpretation and interpretation of transformational-morphological processes and in the study of active tectonic areas. The earth is a dynamic system that changes, and transformation is one of its characteristics. Almost no area on its surface has not been affected by new earth-building activities during the last few thousand years. Active land construction is changing the shape of the earth's surface.Much research has been done in Iran on tectonic evaluation with geomorphic indicators. Among the works that can be mentioned: Ramsht et al. (2013) evaluated the accuracy and correctness of geomorphological indicators using geodynamic data in the Jajroud watershed northeast of Tehran. The geomorphological indices and geodynamic data results indicate that the basin studied in this research is active in new land construction. However, the level of activity of new land construction movements is different everywhere, and the upstream areas of the basin are more active in this respect.The purpose of this research is to use geological and seismological information in a GIS environment and satellite images to obtain a view of the tectonic activity of the present era in Khanmirza plain. Also, the research focuses on simplifying the displacement calculation, evaluating the amount of land surface displacement and parameters affecting this displacement. Moreover, finally, it seeks to provide a suitable model in the SPSS environment for this plain. The innovation of this research is to evaluate the amount of displacement with non-morphological indicators and measure their relationship with crustal movements. MethodologyIn this article, geological and topographical data, Envisat satellite images, and various software such as SPSS, ARC MAP, and Envi 3.5 have been used to present a regional model for the Khanmirza basin. Results and discussionThis article was designed in five basic steps, the first of which is the preparation of GIS layers required by the region. Considering that the physiographic conditions of the basin, such as slope, slope direction, profile curvature, surface curvature, distance from the road, distance from the fault, the density of the fault, and earthquake intensity are less considered in the topic of crustal mobility, in the article we tried to use from these parameters, new relations should be defined. Their correlation level with displacement value can be obtained. For this purpose, first, all these maps were drawn in the ARC MAP environment; in the next step, with the help of 22 radar interferometry images in the Envi environment and with the help of the Sarscape plugin, the amount of displacement was calculated for 8 years. The final map of the amount of displacement was obtained in GIS Came. In the present study, radar images from 2003 to 2010 were exerted to investigate displacement rates. What can be seen from this 8-year-old map is the 33-centimeter drop of this plain in the east and south, which is marked in red, and the 59-centimeter rise of the mountains on the west side of the map, which is marked in blue.In the next step, the correlation between the displacement rate and the parameters was calculated in the SPSS environment using the Pearson method. The results show the highest correlation of the displacement rate with the fault density, slope, earthquake intensity, direction of slope and surface curvature, distance from the road, distance from the fault, profile curvature, and DEM, respectively. In the fourth step, the best displacement model of the region was presented in the SPSS environment with the help of the stepwise model. The dependent variable of the eight-year displacement rate and the independent variables include DEM elevation layers, slope, slope direction, surface curvature, profile curvature, distance from the road, distance from the fault, fault density, and earthquake intensity in the form of 9 independent variables. model 13, with the highest correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, adjusted coefficient of determination, and standard error, was recognized as the best model. Moreover, in the last step, with the help of the formula obtained from the fourth step and the final displacement map in the ARC MAP environment, an estimated regional model map was prepared based on the indicators. ConclusionDue to the location of Iran in an active tectonic region, which is in the direct collision of two Eurasian-Arabian plates in the north-northeast direction and also in the southeast region in the indirect collision of the Indian Arabian plates, it causes movement and displacement in different proportions in the shells, and Various parts are continental and oceanic. The location of Khanmirza plain in terms of geo structure in the folded Zagros zone and the south of Dena fault and the presence of piezometers protruding from the soil and springs and other signs of crustal movement have created a destructive effect on the level of underground water and agriculture in this plain. In this research, in order to evaluate the displacement of the earth's surface and the parameters affecting this displacement, as well as to provide a suitable model by calculating the 8-year displacement rate of the earth's surface (2003-2010) using D-InSAR radar images and radar interferometry. The amount of elevation was 59 cm, subsidence was 33 cm, and the average displacement was 13 cm. Therefore, to better understand the causes of this event, effective parameters such as DEM elevation layer, slope, slope direction, profile curvature, surface curvature, distance from the road, distance from the fault, the density of the fault, earthquake intensity were calculated on this displacement in the GIS environment. Moreover, to measure the relationship between these factors and this event in the SPSS environment, through Pearson's correlation, the value of the relationship between each parameter and displacement rate was calculated, and the highest correlation between fault density and displacement rate was obtained. Following correlation measurement with the help of multiple linear regression, a stepwise model was presented in SPSS software, and the output of this model was 13 proposed methods. The 13th method, with the best correlation coefficient of 0.826, a determination coefficient of 0.682, an adjusted determination coefficient of 0.675, a standard error of 0.0099, and a significance level of 99% among these 13 methods, is the best regional model for calculating shell mobility. It is on the level of this plain. This map's estimated regional model of the uplift value coefficient is about 40 cm, and the subsidence value is 21 cm. Also, the average change of 10 cm elevation in this plain was calculated with this method. The results of this research can be used in different planning related to the watershed, including identifying and introducing the areas involved in the risk of earthquake and subsidence, investigating and studying underground water sources, etc. Maintaining the water balance is the most important solution to prevent land subsidence in this area, which can be achieved by controlling unlicensed wells and preventing excessive water extractionFundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper

In this study, TL characteristics of muffler shells are simulated using analytical and numerical model. Noise generated by engines, is radiated out into the atmosphere at the radiation end of the muffler and also from the shell of the muffler. So, accurate prediction of sound radiation characteristics from muffler shells is of significant importance in automotive exhaust system design. In analytical method, an exact solution is obtained by solving the vibration equation of the shell and acoustic wave equations simultaneously. Then, in numerical model, with the aid of SYSNOISE, commonly used commercial boundary element software, the coupled structural FEM-BEM model is applied to predict the TL of muffler shell. The predicted results agreed reasonably well with the experimental results. The effects of important design parameters likes thickness and geometrical shape are studied to provide design guidelines.

Temperature profile is the most important information enabling the analysis of the behavior of an exchanger. Many models have been developed to provide temperature profile most of which either due to extensive complexity and excessive use of correlations are less used or lack adequate accuracy. In this work initially a model is reproduced on the presumption of no baffles and therefore a plug flow regime on the shell side. A second model is then developed assuming a complete cross flow situation and therefore neglecting flow leakage. The two solutions obtained from these two models provide the limits of the exchanger operational conditions. Pressure drop and shell side flow calculations are carried out using Wills & Johnston method. Based on the flow analysis a combinatorial model is developed mixing the two basic models providing a more realistic view of the heat transfer and therefore temperature profiles. To study the accuracy of the model, it is used to reproduce the experimental results on E type exchanger reported in the Delaware Final Report.The exit temperature showed a ± 10% deviation from experimental results.

Plant development can be defined as a programmed qualitative change in plant form, which leads plant to maturity, and researchers call it as phasic development or phenology. Recognizing the timing of occurring each development stage is necessary for managing system in order to yield increment. The timing of occurring development stages depend on climate, genotype specifications and sowing date then determination of these times in different regions is difficult and it is only possible through the using of crop simulation models which can predict the timing of occurrence each development stage by integrating effective factors. The model was constructed based on linear equation of plant temperature response. In order to model evaluation two experiments were carried out in agricultural and natural resources research center of Khuzistan in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping years. Wheat development stages were determined based on Kirby and Appleyard’s scale by stereoscopic microscope and required GDD for each development stage as well. The constructed model was calibrated and run for simulation. Comparison of simulated and observed data showed that the model can strongly predict wheat development stages.

North Maluku is an area with rich agricultural properties, including coconut, nutmeg, and canary. These waste materials have the potential to be used as alternative sources of energy. These shell wastes can be used to produce bio-briquettes, as a potential source of carbon for the production of activated carbon, and as biofuel. There is a lack of research on the characterization of biobriquettes made from shell waste. This study aims to characterize biobriquettes made from coconut shells, nutmeg shells, and canary shell waste in North Maluku, Indonesia. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of these waste materials as alternative sources of energy. Biobriquettes were formulated using cassava flour as a binder. The shapes of the briquettes were produced in cube and cylinder sizes. The biobriquettes were characterized based on their physical and chemical properties, including calorific value, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. The results showed that FT-IR spectrophotometry analysis revealed higher hydroxyl groups in nutmeg shells, while coconut and canary shells had similar hydrocarbon levels. The carbonization and the powdering efficiency of coconut shells, nutmeg shells, and canary shell biobriquettes vary. Nutmeg shell biobriquettes yield the highest at 80%, while coconut shell biobriquettes yield 78%. Neem shell biobriquettes have a slightly lower yield of 90%. Cylindrical, cube-shaped, and cylindrical biobriquettes exhibit consistent weights and white ash production, indicating efficient combustion. In conclusion, the data from the proximate analysis and comparison with SNI standard No. 1/6235/2000 revealed that all biobriquettes fulfill or surpass the standard's requirements for moisture, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile matter.